Building Trinitarian Explanations and Ethical Attitudes Towards COVID-19 as Natural Evil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v20i1.423Keywords:
COVID-19, Natural Evil, Problem of Evil, Trinitarian explanation, Providence, The Cross of Christ, The Holy SpiritAbstract
COVID-19 is a natural evil, namely an evil caused by a natural process that is not functioning properly because of the fall of humans into sins. The existence of COVID-19 as a natural evil will raise the question of why natural evil can exist, what is the purpose of natural evil, and how does this natural evil ends (the metaphysical problem of evil)? Another question is how the response or the attitude of the believers to the existence of this natural evil (the moral problem of evil)? The author tries to answer these two problems by using a trinitarian explanation of Christian metanarrative, namely from the point of God’s providence, the work of Jesus Christ on the cross, and the work of the Holy Spirit in the church. God in his sovereignty permits the natural evil of COVID-19 for the greater good. Jesus Christ, the Son of God, triumph over evil through His ministry on earth and on the cross. The Holy Spirit, sent by the Father and the Son, comforts, and empowers the church to continues the mission of Jesus Christ.
Downloads
References
Adam, Marilyn McCord. Christ and Horrors: The Coherence of Christology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607585
Alexander, David E. dan Daniel M. Johnson, ed. Calvinism and the Problem of Evil. Eugene: Pickwick, 2016.
Alinurdin, David. “COVID-19 dan Tumit Achilles Iman Kristen.” Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 19, no. 1 (Juni 2020): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v19i1.373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v19i1.373
Berger, Peter L. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. New York: Open Road Media, 2011. Adobe PDF book.
Bignon, Guillaume. Excusing Sinner and Blaming God: A Calvinist Assessment of Determinism, Moral Responsibility, and Divine Involvement in Evil. Eugene: Pickwick, 2018.
Blocher, Henry. Evil and the Cross. Terj. David G. Preston. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1994.
Campbell, Ronnie P. Worldviews and Problem of Evils: A Comparative Approach. Bellingham: Lexham, 2019. Logos Bible Software.
Carson, Donald A. “Biblical-Theological Pillars Needed to Support Faithfull Christian Reflection on Suffering and Evil.” Trinity Journal 38NS, no 1 (2017): 55¬–77.
Chakraborty, Indranil. dan Prasenjit Maity, “COVID-19 Outbreak: Migration, Effects on Society, Global Environment and Prevention.” Science of Total Environment 728 (Agustus 2020): 1–7. Diakses 9 Oktober 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882
Cole, Graham. He Who Gives Life. Wheaton: Crossway, 2007.
Collins, C. John. Science and Faith: Friends or Foes? Wheaton: Crossway, 2003.
Craig, William Lane. Atonement and the Death of Christ: An Exegetical, Historical, and Philosophical Exploration. Waco: Baylor University, 2020.
Crisp, Oliver D. Divinity and Humanity: The Incarnation Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805332
DeYoung, Kevin. “Divine Impassibility And The Passion Of Christ In The Book Of Hebrews.” Westminster Theological Journal 68 (2006): 41–50.
DeYoung, Kevin. “Tis Mystery All, the Immortal Dies: Why the Gospel of Christ’s Suffering is More Glorious Because God Does Not Suffer,” The Gospel Coalition, 2010, 1–15. Diakses 23 November 2020. https://blogs.thegospelcoalition.org/kevindeyoung/files/2010/04/T4G-2010-KDY-v_2.pdf.
Dolezal, James E. “Strong Impassibility.” Dalam Divine Impassibility: Four Views on God’s Emotion and Suffering, ed. Robert J. Matz dan A. Chadwick Thornhill, 13–37. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2019.
Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Edisi ketiga. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013.
Feinberg, John S. No One Like Him. Wheaton: Crossway, 2001.
Feinberg, John S. The Many Faces of Evil: Theological Systems and the Problems of Evil. Edisi revisi. Wheaton: Crossway, 2004.
Frame, John M. Apologetics: A Justification of Christian Belief. Edisi kedua. Diedit oleh Joseph E. Torres. Phillipsburg: P&R, 2015.
Frame, John M. “The Problem of Evil” Dalam Suffering and the Goodness of God, diedit oleh Christopher W. Morgan dan Robert A. Peterson, 141–164. Wheaton: Crossway, 2008.
Francis, Joe. “Good Design Gone Bad.” Answers in Genesis, Oktober 2011. Diakses 1 Juni 2020. https://answersingenesis.org/evidence-for-creation/design-in-nature/good-designs-gone-bad.
Gooding, David dan John Lennox, Suffering Life’s Pain: Facing the Problems of Moral and Natural Evil. Belfast: Myrtlefield, 2019.
Harrower, Scott. God of All Comfort: A Trinitarian Response to the Horrors of This World. Bellingham: Lexham, 2019.
Hart, Matthew James. “Theological Determinism and the Goodness of God.” Disertasi, University of Liverpool, 2019.
Helm, Paul. The Providence of God. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1993.
Hick, John. Evil and the God of Love. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230283961
Horton, Michael. Rediscovering the Holy Spirit. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2017.
Howard-Snyder, Daniel. “God, Evil, and Suffering.” Dalam Reason for the Hope Within, diedit oleh Michael J. Murray, 76–115. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999.
Inman, Ross. “Gratuitous Evil Unmotivated: A Reply to MacGregor.” Philosophia Christi 15, no. 2 (2013): 435–445. Diakses 9 November 2020. https://doi.org/10.5840/pc201315237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/pc201315237
Keller, Timothy. Walking with God through Pain and Suffering. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2013.
Layantara, Jessical Novia. “Kejahatan Tanpa Ampun Dan Inkarnasi Kristus.” Stulos 17, no. 2 (Juli 2019): 241–264.
Lennox, John C. Where Is God In A Coronavirus World? Terj. Budianto Lim. Surabaya: Literatur Perkantas, 2020.
Limasaputra, Alexander Darmawan. “Memandang Penderitaan Melalui Perspektif The Already and The Not Yet dari Rasul Paulus.” Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 17, no. 1 (Juni 2018): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v17i1.305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v17i1.305
Loke, Andrew Ter En. A Kryptic Model of the Incarnation. New York: Ashgate, 2014.
Meister, Chad V. Evil: A Guide for the Perplexed. Edisi kedua. New York: Bloomsbury, 2018.
Meister, Chad V. dan James Dew Phillip, ed. God and the Problem of Evil: Five Views. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2017. Kindle.
Ortlund, Gavin. “On the Fall of Angels and the Fallenness of Nature: An Evangelical Hypothesis Regarding Natural Evil.” Evangelical Quarterly 87, no. 2 (2015): 114–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/27725472-08702002
Piper, John Piper. Coronavirus and Christ. Wheaton: Crossway, 2020.
Plantinga, Alvin. “Supralapsarianism, or ‘O Felix Culpa.’” Dalam The Problem Of Evil, edisi kedua, diedit oleh Michael L. Peterson, 363–389. Notre Dame: Unversity of Notre Dame, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpj7gm2.25
Plantinga, Alvin. God, Freedom, and Evil. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977.
Plantinga, Alvin. Warranted Christian Belief. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0195131932.001.0001
Spencer, Ian. “A Mea Culpa For The Felix Culpa?” Lincoln University 1st Annual Conference on Philosophy and Theology (2008): 1–17. Diakses 12 November 2020. https://bluetigercommons.lincolnu.edu/philosophy_and_theology/2008/sessions/6/.
Stewart, Melville Y. The Greater-Good Defence: An Essay on the Rationality of Faith. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22490-6
Stump, Eleonore. “Suffering and Flourishing.” Makalah yang dipresentasikan pada Kuliah M.Th, Singapore Bible College, 21 September 2020.
Stump, Eleonore. “Omnipresence, Indwelling, And the Second-Personal.” European Journal For Philosophy Of Religion 5, no. 4 (2013): 29–53. https://doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v5i4.204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v5i4.204
Stump, Eleonore. Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277421.001.0001
Tan, Kian Guan. “Kebenaran Doktrin Antropologi dan Soteriologi bagi Kepentingan Etika Lingkungan.” Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 13, no. 2 (2012): 203–216. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v13i2.264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v13i2.264
Vanhoozer, Kevin J. Remythologizing Theology: Divine Action, Passion, and Authorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511675959
van Inwagen, Peter. The Problem of Evil. Oxford: Clarendon, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195331356.003.0009
Weinandy, Thomas G. “Does God Suffer?” Ars Disputandi 2, no. 1 (2002): 1–13. Diakses 20 November 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/15665399.2002.10819720. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15665399.2002.10819720
Welty, Greg. Why is There Evil in the World (And so much of it)? Ross-shire: Christian Focus, 2018.
Wiarda, Timothy. “What God Knows When the Spirit Intercedes.” Bulletin for Biblical Research 17, no. 2 (2007): 297–311. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26423927.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Thio Christian Sulistio
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
