The Impact of Chinese Political Movements in The Unification of Chinese Congregations in West Java 1926-1940
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v23i1.748Keywords:
Chinese Congregations, Church Unification, Chinese Political MovementAbstract
This article aims to examine the impact of Chinese political movements on the unification of Chinese congregations in West Java. There has been an assumption that the independence of Chinese congregations is solely a gift from Dutch zending, when in fact it was born from the awareness of Chinese Christian leaders due to the influence of Chinese nationalism. The political movement among the Chinese community in West Java was a response to the discriminatory policies of the Dutch East Indies Government in both the socio-economic and educational fields. At this time, the Chinese community itself was divided into political factions according to their respective orientations. Some were oriented towards mainland China, the Dutch East Indies Government or participated in the Indonesian independence efforts. This situation of division also occurred among Chinese congregations in West Java with Calvinist and Methodist characteristics. This prompted Chinese Christian leaders to seek independence and unity. Thus, the author uses the historical method with four steps, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography to document the influence of Chinese nationalism on efforts to unite Chinese congregations in West Java in 1926-1940.
Downloads
References
Alkema, B. M. “Uit Den Nieuwen Werkkring.” Orgaan Der Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging, January 1906, XLVI No.1 edition.
Blinde, J. H. “De Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan Te Bandoeng.” Orgaan Der Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging, January 1906, XVLI No. 1 edition.
Brooks, Elizabeth Harper. Java and Its Challenge. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Young Conference, 1911.
Carey, Peter. Orang Cina, Bandar Tol, Candu dan Perang Jawa: Perubahan Persepsi Tentang Cina 1755-1825. Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2015.
Coolsma, S. De Zendingseeuw Voor Nederladsch Oos-Indie. Utrecht: C.H.E. Breijer, 1901.
Daulay, Richard M. Mengenal Gereja Methodist Di Indonesia. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2004.
“De Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging (Opgericht 1858).” NZV, 1915.
Denyes, John Russel. The Malaysia Mission of The Methodist Episcopal Church. New York: Missionary Society of Methodist Episcopal Church, 1905.
Dharmowijono, Widjajanti W. Bukan Takdir: Kisah Pencitraan Orang Tionghoa Di Nusantara. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak, 2021.
Ellis, William. The History of The London Missionary Society. London: John Snow, 1844.
End, Th. van den. Sumber-Sumber Zending Tentang Sejarah Gereja Di Jawa Barat 1858-1963. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2006.
Endriana, Cindy. “Sekolah Tiong Hwa Hwee Kwan (THHK) Di Mojokerto Pada Tahun 1907-1942.” Avatara 3, no. 3 (2015).
Firdaus, Yogi Fitra. “Lay Missionary Movement and the Establishment of the Peranakan Chinese Christian Community in West Java 1858-1889.” Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 22, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v22i1.591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v22i1.591
Firdaus, Yogi Fitra. “Peran Orang-Orang Tionghoa Dalam Pekabaran Injil: Kajian Historis Terbentuknya Jemaat Tionghoa Di Jawa Barat.” Jurnal Abdiel 1, no. 4 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37368/ja.v4i1.120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37368/ja.v4i1.120
Hariyono, P. Kultur Cina Dan Jawa. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1993.
Hartono, Chris. Dari Cipaku Sampai Jakarta: Sejarah Singkat Upaya-Upaya Keesaan Dari Pembentukan Bond Kristen Tionghoa Sampai Pembentukan Sinode Am Gereja Kristen Indonesia. Jakarta: Grafika Kreasindo, 2017.
Hartono, Chris. Orang Tionghoa Dan Pekabaran Injil: Suatu Studi Tentang Pekabaran Injil Kepada Masyarakat Tionghoa Di Jawa Barat Pada Masa Kolonial Hindia Belanda. Yogyakarta: Taman Pustaka Kristen, 1996.
Hartono, Chris. Sejak Emas Murni Ditemukan: Dari THKTKH West Java Hingga Menjadi GKI Jabar (1938-1958). Jakarta: Grafika Kreasindo, 2016.
Heuken, Adolf. Gereja-Gereja Tua Di Jakarta. Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka, 2008.
Hong, Pouw Peng. “Riwajat Conferentie Kristen Tionghoa Jang Pertama Kali.” Maandblad Kristen Tionghoa (THKTKH) Tahun 1 No. 8, Agustus 1928.
Hwang, Yen Ching. The Overseas Chinese and 1911 Revolution. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Kraemer, H. From Mission Field to Independent Church. The Hague: Boekencentrum, 1958.
Kuntowijoyo. Metodologi Sejarah. 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya, 2003.
Kuntowijoyo. Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Bentang, 2005.
Kurnia, Paulus and Leonard Halle. Gereja Kristus Ketapang Asal Usul Dan Derap Langkahnya Menuju Milenium Ke-3. Cipanas: STT Cipanas, 1999.
Kwartanada, Didi. “Mandarin Comes to the South Seas: The Making of Chinese Education in Early Twentieth Century Java.” Asian Culture 42 (2018).
Kwartanada, Didi. “The Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan School: A Trans Border Project of Modernity in Batavia, c. 1900s.” Dalam Chinese Indonesians Reassessed History, Religion and Belonging. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
Lan, Nio Joe. Riwajat 40 Taon Dari Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan-Batavia (1900-1939). Batavia: THHK, 1940.
Liji, Liang. Dari Relasi Upeti Ke Mitra Strategis: 2000 Tahun Perjalanan Hubungan Tiongkok-Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2012.
Lohanda, Mona. Growing Pains: The Chinese and The Dutch in Colonial Java, 1890-1942. Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka, 2002.
Lohanda, Mona. The Kapitan Cina of Batavia 1837-1942. Jakarta: Djambatan, 2001.
Lubis, Nina H. Metode Sejarah. Bandung: Satya Historika, 2018.
“Minutes of the Fourteenth Session of The Methodist of the Malaysia Conference of The Methodist Episcopal Church, 29th January to 2nd February, 1906.” Methodist Publishing House, 1906.
“Minutes of the Ninteenth Session of The Methodist of the Malaysia Conference of The Methodist Episcopal Church, 11th to 18th February, 1911.” Methodist Publishing House, 1911.
“Minutes of the Seventeenth Session of The Methodist of the Malaysia Conference of The Methodist Episcopal Church, 5th to 9th February, 1909.” Methodist Publishing House, 1909.
MJ GKI Jabar Kebonjati 100 Bandung. 50 Tahun GKI Jabar Kebonjati 100 Bandung ,1924-1974. Bandung: GKI Jabar Kebonjati 100, 1974.
Nabila, Ayu Putri. “Sekolah Tiong Hoa Hwee Kwan (STHHK) Sebagai Representasi Pendidikan Modern Etnis Tionghoa Di Batavia Tahun 1901-1942.” Mozaik Jurnal Kajian Sejarah 12, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/moz.v12i2.45621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/moz.v12i2.45621
Niemeijer, Hendrik E. Batavia Masyarakat Kolonial Abad XVII. Depok: Masup Jakarta, 2012.
Noordjanah, Andjarwati. Komunitas Tionghoa Di Surabaya. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak, 2010.
Oldham, W. F. Malaysia Nature’s Wonderland. Singapore: Jennings & Graham, 1907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.96554
Onghokham. Migrasi Cina, Kapitalisme Cina Dan Anti Cina. Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2017.
Onghokham. Riwayat Tionghoa Peranakan Di Jawa. Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2017.
“Orgaan Der Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging No.5.” NZV, November 1864.
Poerwanto, Hari. Cina Khek Di Singkawang. Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2014.
Purcell, Victor. The Chinese in South East Asia. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
San, Lee Teng. “Begimana Soepaya Bond Kristen Tionghoa Bisa Pakerdjaanja (Organisatienja).” Maandblad Kristen Tionghoa (THKTKH) Tahun 1 No. 8, Agustus 1928.
Setiono, Benny G. Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Politik. Jakarta: Elsaka, 2003.
Somers, Mary F. Peranakan Chinese Politics in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University, 1964.
Suryadinata, Leo. Dilema Minoritas Tionghoa. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers, 1984.
Suryadinata, Leo. Politik Peranakan Tionghoa Di Jawa. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1986.
Suryadinata, Leo. Tokoh Tionghoa Dan Identitas Indonesia: Dari Tjoe Bou San Sampai Yap Thiam Hiem. Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2010.
“Verslag Conferentie Kristen Tionghoa Di Cheribon, Juli 1934.” Keng Po. July 17, 1934.
“Volkstelling Deel I: Inheemsche Bevolking van West Java.” 1933.
Williams, Lea E. Overseas Chinese Nationalism: The Genesis of The Pan Chinese Movement in Indonesia, 1900-1916. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1960.
Willmott, Donald E. The Chinese of Semarang. Ithaca: Cornell University, 1960.
Willmott, Donald E. The National Status of The Chinese in Indonesia, 1900-1958. Ithaca: Cornell University, 1961.
Wolterbeek, J. D. Babad Zending Di Pulau Jawa. Yogyakarta: Taman Pustaka Kristen, 1995.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Yogi Fitra Firdaus
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
